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We conducted factor analyses of PROMIS-29 scales on data collected from two internet panels (n = 3000 and 2000). 2011;64:50716. These studies have several limitations, including studying only a single sample [58], no comparison to a legacy or other anchor measure[7], and focusing only or principally on CAT rather than fixed-length PROMIS measures [5, 7, 9]. Mitchell AJ, Yadegarfar M, Gill J, Stubbs B. Responsiveness of 8 Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures in a large, community-based cancer study cohort. Using PROMIS-29 to predict Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores using a national sample of cervical spine surgery patients. In a longitudinal study of 903 patients with 5 diverse diseases (4 medical conditions and major depressive disorder), two thirds of patients completed PROMIS by CAT and one-third with an 8-item short form [9]. Staples LG, Dear BF, Gandy M, Fogliati V, Fogliati R, Karin E, Nielssen O, Titov N. Psychometric properties and clinical utility of brief measures of depression, anxiety, and general distress: the PHQ-2, GAD-2, and K-6. In general, the measures were better able to detect depression improvement than worsening. 2015;17:31424. PROMIS - Depression Short Form Patient-Reported Outcomes . In general, would you say your quality of life is: Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor 3. There are separate assessments for adult and . NIH Toolbox - HealthMeasures The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 20052008. 2021 [cited 21 June 2021]. PubMed Central We used data from three clinical trials (two in patients with chronic pain and one in stroke survivors) totaling 651 participants. J Clin Epidemiol. PROMIS tools measure what patients are able to do and how they feel by asking questions. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01674-3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01674-3. Author's response. 1, within-group effect size estimates (i.e., SRMs) were plotted for the PROMIS depression and legacy measures across the three trials. 2018;36:117884. Data from each of the three trials were analyzed separately rather than pooled, because the three trials involved different clinical populations, study interventions, and follow-up timeframes. Lowe B, Kroenke K, Grafe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). Fourth, because we made multiple statistical comparisons between depression measures, the differences between measures should be interpreted cautiously unless highly significant (i.e., p<0.001). All authors contributed to interpretation of data, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved the final version. The PROMIS depression scales are reliable and valid measures that have extensive normative data in general population samples. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Purpose: A higher T-score represents greater depression severity. Pilkonis PA, Yu L, Dodds NE, Johnston KL, Maihoefer CC, Lawrence SM. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, Cross-sectional Global Ratings of Depression (04), mean (SD), Disability days in the past 4weeks, mean (SD). The PROMIS depression scales are reliable and valid measures that have extensive normative data in general population samples. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is an NIH-funded initiative to develop and validate patient reported outcomes (PROs) for clinical research and practice. Area under the curve (AUC) is the probability of correctly discriminating between patients who have improved and those who have not. PubMed Central Cronbachs alphas for baseline PROMIS raw scores in the three trials ranged from 0.89 to 0.95. Kroenke K, Theobald D, Wu J, Tu W, Krebs EE. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2023 May 18;11(10):1468. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11101468. Moreover, none of the omnibus F-tests were significant in the SSM trial, except for the PHQ-9. Responses from the five items are summed and then transformed to a 0100 scale where a lower number represents more severe symptoms. Schmitt J, Di Fabio RP. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-report measure designed to screen depressive symptoms. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Deyo RA, Centor RM. Hung M, Saltzman CL, Greene T, Voss MW, Bounsanga J, Gu Y, Anderson MB, Peters CL, Gililland J, Pelt CE. These short forms can be static (i.e., the same items used in a fixed-length scale), or they can be constructed adaptively in real time based on the respondents answers to previous questions, known as computer adaptive testing (CAT). Jensen RE, Moinpour CM, Potosky AL, Lobo T, Hahn EA, Hays RD, Cella D, Smith AW, Wu XC, Keegan TH, et al. Datasets and analyses codes generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. PROMIS Mental Health Scoring PR O M I S M en t al H eal t h R aw Sc o r e PR O M I S I t em Co m p l et ed Co u n t PR O M I S M en t al H eal t h T Sc o r e PR O M I S M en t al H eal t h St an d ar d Er r o r PR O M I S M en t al H eal t h T h et a V I E W M O D E. Created Date: 3/18/2019 6:09:30 PM . 2020 Aug;20(8):1305-1315. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.028. Yost KJ, Eton DT, Garcia SF, Cella D. Minimally important differences were estimated for six Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Cancer scales in advanced-stage cancer patients. Evaluating instrument responsiveness in joint function: The HOOS JR, the KOOS JR, and the PROMIS PF CAT. Using the entire cohort in the receiver operating characteristic analysis maximizes precision of the minimal important difference. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 20052008. Springer Nature. (, PROMIS Global-10 can be used to track patient outcomes across numerous health care disciplines and act as a useful screening tool, which is especially important for patients who may see numerous providers for complex conditions. Bushey MA, Kroenke K, Baye F, Lourens S. Assessing depression improvement with the remission evaluation and mood inventory tool (REMIT). Comparative responsiveness of pain measures in cancer patients. PDF Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) Descriptions One particularly important psychometric characteristic is a scales responsiveness (alternatively called sensitivity to change) which focuses on a measures ability to detect changes over time [3]. The studies were approved by the Indiana University Institutional Review Board. The corresponding weighted kappas in the 3 trials were 0.228, 0.233, and 0.027. J Clin Epidemiol. When using the retrospective global rating of change anchor (Table (Table3),3), the ability of measures to detect differences among the three groups was not quite as strong. Cook KF, Jensen SE, Schalet BD, Beaumont JL, Amtmann D, Czajkowski S, Dewalt DA, Fries JF, Pilkonis PA, Reeve BB, et al. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the responsiveness of the PROMIS and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) depression scales in three separate samples. The retrospective global rating of change assesses overall clinical response from the participants perspective [20]. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Sample 2 (SPACE trial) consisted of 240 primary care patients participating in a pragmatic RCT comparing opioid therapy versus non-opioid medication therapy for chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain. J Psychiatr Res. Article Huang W, Rose AJ, Bayliss E, Baseman L, Butcher E, Garcia RE, Edelen MO. Schubert EA, Johnstone MT, Benson MJ, Alffenaar JC, Wheate NJ. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. We measured global ratings of depression change, both prospectively and retrospectively, as anchors to classify patients . These global health scales can be used to efficiently summarize physical and mental health in patient-reported outcome studies. PROMIS fatigue item bank had clinical validity across diverse chronic conditions. For Advertisers, Exhibitors, and Sponsors | For Media. Cella D, Lai JS, Jensen SE, Christodoulou C, Junghaenel DU, Reeve BB, Stone AA. Sample 1 (CAMEO trial) consisted of 153 primary care patients participating in an RCT to compare the effectiveness of pharmacological versus cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic low back pain. A prospective global measure, the Punum Ladder, provides more valid assessments of quality of life than a retrospective transition measure. The site is secure. Both PROMIS and PHQ depression scales are brief public domain measures that are responsive (i.e., sensitive to change) and thus appropriate as outcome measures in research as well as for monitoring treatment in clinical practice. Objections to these opinions [30] as well as the COSMIN rationale [31] have been subsequently articulated. Both PROMIS and PHQ depression scales are brief public domain measures that are responsive (i.e., sensitive to change) and thus appropriate as outcome measures in research as well as for monitoring treatment in clinical practice. SRM values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 represent thresholds for small, moderate and large changes, respectively [3, 21]. Cancer. Some researchers suggest an absolute SRM value0.3 indicates responsiveness [22]. This figure provides an overview of comparative within-group responsiveness across the depression measures. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011, 11:152; author reply 152. For example, retrospective anchor analyses in the CAMEO trial (sample 1) found larger absolute SRMs for improvement with the PHQ-9 compared to PROMIS but larger SRMs for worsening with the PROMIS. During initial use, we found PROMIS identified children with symptoms of depression, sometimes before . Additional support was provided by the National Institute of Nursing Research under award number 5T32 NR007066, the Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis Enhanced Mentoring Program with Opportunities for Ways to Excel in Research (EMPOWER) Grant, KL2TR001106 and UL1TR001108 grants funded by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Clinical and Translational Sciences Award, and Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Career Development Award (IK2RX000879). Given the limitations of previous studies, our study purpose was to evaluate responsiveness of the four fixed-length PROMIS depression scales, and compare their responsiveness to legacy depression measures using three clinical samples. Jakob T, Nagl M, Gramm L, Heyduck K, Farin E, Glattacker M. Psychometric Properties of a German Translation of the PROMIS(R) Depression Item Bank. The AUCs in Table Table44 represent modest rather than strong differentiation between patients whose depression had improved and those who were the same or worse. The PROMIS fixed-length scales for a specific domain share some items in common, which may explain in part their comparable responsiveness. The PHQ-9 [13] includes 1 item for each of the 9 DSM-V criterion symptoms used in diagnosing major depression. Statistics and strategies for evaluation. The new COSMIN guidelines regarding responsiveness. Kazis LE, Anderson JJ, Meenan RF. 128. Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the construct validity of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Health instrument by establishing its correlation to the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire in patients with upper extremity illness. Kroenke, K., Stump, T.E., Chen, C.X. 2016 Oct;34(10):1015-22. doi: 10.1007/s40273-016-0408-x. Sample 3 (SSM trial) consisted of 258 stroke survivors participating in an RCT evaluating the efficacy of a stroke-self-management program. The .gov means its official. Jensen RE, Moinpour CM, Potosky AL, Lobo T, Hahn EA, Hays RD, Cella D, Smith AW, Wu XC, Keegan TH, et al. In addition, we evaluated responsiveness by triangulating several methods. PDF GLOBAL HEALTH SCORING MANUAL - HealthMeasures Responsiveness was not symmetric with respect to improvement and worsening. 2020;266:1008. Recent initiatives to incorporate depression and other patient-reported outcome measures into routine practice as well as embedding them in the electronic health record will further enhance symptom detection and management.[49]. Schalet BD, Hays RD, Jensen SE, Beaumont JL, Fries JF, Cella D. Validity of PROMIS physical function measured in diverse clinical samples. The PROMIS depression and legacy scales had generally comparable responsiveness. An official website of the United States government. Fletcher KE, French CT, Irwin RS, Corapi KM, Norman GR. To find out more visit our privacy policy. SRMs for improvement averaged a moderate positive effect size and were roughly twice the SRMs for worsening which averaged a small negative effective size. 128. Mental health; PROMIS; PROMIS-29 profile; Patient-reported; Physical health. PubMed However, depression recovery defined in several different ways was less frequent with the PHQ-9 compared to PROMIS and CES-D. Why Use PROMIS? The retrospective global rating of change has been widely used to assess responsiveness of patient-reported outcome measures [3, 16]. Results: Recent initiatives to incorporate depression and other patient-reported outcome measures into routine practice as well as embedding them in the electronic health record will further enhance symptom detection and management.[49]. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The retrospective and prospective global change anchors agreed in their categorization of individuals as better, same, or worse in 68 of 136 participants in CAMEO, 123 of 223 in SPACE, and 95 of 238 in SSSM, resulting in simple agreement rates of 50%, 55%, and 40% respectively. In addition to these objective tests, the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 10-Question Short Form (PROMIS-10) was included as a subjective measurement to the set of paper-and-pencil questionnaires at all timepoints . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In a longitudinal study of 150 patients with depression, SRMs in those experiencing recovery were 0.82 and 0.79 for the PROMIS 28-item bank and 8-item short form depression scales, respectively, and 1.00 for the PHQ-9 [6]. Comparative Responsiveness of the PROMIS Pain Interference Short Forms, Brief Pain Inventory, PEG, and SF-36 Bodily Pain Subscale. The 8a and 8b scales share 7 items in common and 1 unique item each. 2016;2:12738. Kroenke K, Baye F, Lourens SG. PROMIS addressed a need in the clinical research community for a rigorously tested patient reported outcome (PRO) measurement tool that uses recent advances in information technology, psychometrics, and qualitative, cognitive, and health survey research to measure PROs such as pain, fatigue, physical functioning, emotional distress, and social r. The SRM is the ratio of the mean change to the standardized deviation (SD) of change, and is calculated using the formula (mean baseline scoremean follow-up score)/(SD of change score). Wu AW, Kharrazi H, Boulware L, Snyder CF. 2019;56:138. By using this website, you agree to our The mathematical relationship among different forms of responsiveness coefficients. J Orthop Res. Accessibility Effect of Perioperative Palliative Care on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients Undergoing Surgery for Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. For all three samples, participants were mostly male, non-Hispanic, white, married, and had some college education (Table 1). Fifth, the nested nature of the PROMIS scales (i.e., sharing many items in common) as well as the PHQ-2 items being included in the PHQ-9 would lead to some convergence of responsiveness within the same family of scales. Minor differences in SRMs, however, were observed. The fact that both measures are public domain and available in numerous translations are additional advantages. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2023 May 1;6(5):e2314660. Kroenke K, Stump TE, Chen CX, Kean J, Bair MJ, Damush TM, Krebs EE, Monahan PO. 2013;45:7182. Validation of the depression item bank from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in a three-month observational study. 2015;68:14050. In an observational study of 234 patients undergoing inpatient treatment in four psychosomatic rehabilitation centers, the pre-post treatment effect size was similar for the PROMIS depression item bank scale (using all 28 items) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) (1.16 vs. 1.09) [7]. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the responsiveness of the PROMIS and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) depression scales in three separate samples. Thus, AUCs for scales measuring symptoms and other PROs have been<0.70 not only when using retrospective global change anchors but also in some studies using other anchors as well [32, 46, 47]. Sample 3 (SSM trial) consisted of 258 stroke survivors participating in an RCT evaluating the efficacy of a stroke-self-management program. Link to Instrument Instrument Details Acronym PROMIS S-D Area of Assessment Sleep Assessment Type Patient Reported Outcomes Cost Free 1991;29:16976. Comparative responsiveness and minimally important difference of common anxiety measures. Responsiveness of PROMIS and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Depression Scales in three clinical trials. Kroenke K, Baye F, Lourens SG. In contrast, the SSM trial (sample 3) revealed larger SRMs for worsening with the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2. Tables Tables22 and and33 complement Fig. Briefly, the study sample includes 651 patients who had complete psychometric data on depression measures (Table (Table1).1). SRMs for the SF-36 mental health scale differed somewhat from the other measures, although data for this scale was only available from one trial. PROMIS instruments are scored using item-level calibrations. PMC We evaluated four fixed-length PROMIS depression scales: the original 8-item depression Short Form (8b), and the 4-item (4a), 6-item (6a) and 8-item (8a) depression scales from the PROMIS profiles (a collection of short forms containing a fixed number of items from key PROMIS domains). The validity of prospective and retrospective global change criterion measures. The mathematical relationship among different forms of responsiveness coefficients. Moreover, none of the omnibus F-tests were significant in the SSM trial, except for the PHQ-9. Averaged across the 3 trials, AUCs using the retrospective global change anchor were 0.603 to 0.625 for the PROMIS scales, 0.636 for the PHQ-9, and 0.588 for the PHQ-2. Data were collected from baseline and follow-up interviews administered by trained research personnel. Farina FR, Pavithra P, An H, Marquez M, O'Loughlin P, Regan J, Taddeo M, Bennett M, Lenaert B, Griffith JW. Med Care. Cite this article. Depression is the most common mental health disorder in both clinical practice and the general population, a major contributor to disability and health care costs, and an important cause of morbidity as well as early mortality [1]. Second, we used receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses to further quantify a measures ability to detect improvement. Cella D, Lai JS, Jensen SE, Christodoulou C, Junghaenel DU, Reeve BB, Stone AA. Suffice it to say, SRMs and effect sizes as well as global of rating change anchors have been widely used to assess responsiveness both before [3, 30, 3234] and since [20, 3542] publication of the COSMIN guidelines; only a small number of representative studies are cited here. J Pain Symptom Manag. SRM values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 represent thresholds for small, moderate and large changes, respectively [3, 21]. Schalet BD, Pilkonis PA, Yu L, Dodds N, Johnston KL, Yount S, Riley W, Cella D. Clinical validity of PROMIS Depression, Anxiety, and Anger across diverse clinical samples. This work was supported by a National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders R01 award to (R01 AR064081) and Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Merit Review awards (IIR 10-128 and IIR 11-125), and VA HSRD QUERI Service Directed Project SDP-10-379). volume19, Articlenumber:41 (2021) First, depression was generally mild in all three samples, thereby restricting the range in which depression improvement could be detected. The mean (median) within-group difference in SRMs between any two PROMIS scales was 0.084 (0.080) using the prospective anchor and within 0.114 (0.070) using the retrospective anchor. Characteristics of samples in three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), CAMEO CAre Management for the Effective use of Opioids trial, SPACE Strategies for Prescribing Analgesics Comparative Effectiveness trial, SSM Stroke survivor Self-Management trial. PROMIS - Global Health | RehabMeasures Database This greater sensitivity of symptom scales for detecting improvement has been previously reported for depression [5, 16, 24], pain [20, 22, 2528] and anxiety [24]. In addition, we evaluated responsiveness by triangulating several methods. For this analysis, both retrospective and prospective rating of change groups were used as anchors. Reliabilities for these two summary scores were 0.98 (physical health) and 0.97 (mental health). 2002;2:e15. Keywords: However, PROMIS Global-10 may lack precision in specific domains, limiting its use as an independent PRO measure.(. Sixth, studies using additional responsiveness metrics besides SRMs anchored to global ratings of change are warranted. Because measures seem better in detecting improvement than worsening, calculating the change in score together with a single question about global change may be desirable to optimize recognition of deterioration in symptom-based conditions like depression and pain. Omnibus F-tests were still significant in two of the trials (except the PHQ-2 in CAMEO) but not as highly significant as for the prospective anchor. Kroenke K, Baye F, Lourens SG. Sixth, studies using additional responsiveness metrics besides SRMs anchored to global ratings of change are warranted. Johns SA, Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Theobald DE, Wu J, Tu W. Longitudinal comparison of three depression measures in adult cancer patients. PROMIS fatigue item bank had clinical validity across diverse chronic conditions. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. Four PROMIS fixed-length depression scales are the focus of this study, which includes one with 4 items, one with 6 items, and two with 8 items. 2016;73:1128. BJPsych Open. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2). Sample 2 (SPACE trial) consisted of 240 primary care patients participating in a pragmatic RCT comparing opioid therapy versus non-opioid medication therapy for chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain. At both baseline and follow-up, participants completed four PROMIS depression fixed-length scales as well as legacy measures: Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item and 2-item scales (PHQ-9 and PHQ-2) and the SF-36 Mental Health scale. These measures include overall health, pain, fatigue, social health, mental health, and physical health, while focusing predominantly on the latter two.(1). We calculated the AUC for each depression measure using retrospective and prospective global ratings of change as the anchors. The average SRM using a retrospective global anchor was 0.71 for the improved group and 0.49 for the group that worsened. The average SRM using a retrospective global anchor was 0.71 for the improved group and 0.49 for the group that worsened. Although the development, reliability, and validity of these PROMIS Profile scores have not yet been published, Hays et al 16 developed and published summary scoring for physical and mental health based on the 29-item version, and others have developed single health preference (utility) scores from the same 29-item profile. Correlations of the PROMIS-29 v2.0 physical and mental health summary scores with chronic conditions and other health-related quality of life measures were consistent with a priori hypotheses. Two well-validated and widely-used depression measuresthe PHQ-9 and PROMIS scaleshave generally comparable responsiveness. These measures include overall health, pain, fatigue, social health, mental health, and physical health, while focusing predominantly on the latter two. Respondents are asked how much in the past 2weeks they have been bothered by each symptom, with the response options being Not at all, Several days, More than half the days, and Nearly every day. Scores range from 0 to 27 with higher scores indicating greater depression severity. Because the assessment and monitoring of depression relies principally on patient-reported symptoms, reliable and valid scales are essential for both research and clinical practice. Schalet BD, Pilkonis PA, Yu L, Dodds N, Johnston KL, Yount S, Riley W, Cella D. Clinical validity of PROMIS Depression, Anxiety, and Anger across diverse clinical samples. For all these reasons, the similarity of AUCs when using a global change anchors is more salient than their absolute value [48]. A prospective global measure, the Punum Ladder, provides more valid assessments of quality of life than a retrospective transition measure. ACR Open Rheumatol. The mean SRM for the PROMIS average, PHQ-9, and PHQ-2 scores across the CAMEO, SPACE and SSM trials was 0.58, 0.63, and 0.53 for the improved group; 0.13, 0.27, and 0.16 for the unchanged group; and 0.29, 0.18, and 0.15 for the worse group. Careers. Yost KJ, Eton DT, Garcia SF, Cella D. Minimally important differences were estimated for six Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Cancer scales in advanced-stage cancer patients. Finally, our findings are derived from secondary analyses of data from clinical trials rather than a primary hypothesis-driven psychometric study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Validation of the depression item bank from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in a three-month observational study. Case finding and screening clinical utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 and PHQ-2) for depression in primary care: a diagnostic meta-analysis of 40 studies. Recommended methods for determining responsiveness and minimally important differences for patient-reported outcomes. In a second observational study of 194 patients with depression treated for 12weeks, the PROMIS CAT was similar to the PHQ-9 and CES-D in terms of treatment effect size: 0.84, 0.98, and 1.06, respectively [5]. Notably, two of the trials only showed fair agreement beyond chance of these two anchors in classifying individuals as better, same or worse, and one trial showed poor to no agreement beyond chance. Available from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/promis-global-health The PHQ-9 is among the best-validated and widely-used depression scales in both clinical practice and research [11, 12]. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). Any improvementa little better; moderate improvementmoderately better, 6month follow-up for CAMEO; 3months for SPACE and SSM. Privacy 2019;246:43743. In a longitudinal study of 150 patients with depression, SRMs in those experiencing recovery were 0.82 and 0.79 for the PROMIS 28-item bank and 8-item short form depression scales, respectively, and 1.00 for the PHQ-9 [6].
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